LeoGlossary: Block

Block is a term that has multiple meanings depending upon the use case.

Some of them are:

A solid, rectangular piece of material such as wood, stone, or metal. For example, "a block of ice" or "a concrete block".
An area of land surrounded by four streets in a city. For example, "I'm walking the dog around the block" or "The store is three blocks down on the right."
A large building divided into separate units like apartments or offices. For example, "an apartment block" or "an office block". This usage is more common in British English.
Something that stops or obstructs progress or achievement. For example, "They put a block on future development of the area" or "a mental/emotional block".
A group or quantity of similar things, such as "a block of tickets" or "a block of stock/shares".

Types

There are several types of blocks that can be used in various contexts. Here are some common types of blocks:

Building blocks: These are wooden or plastic blocks that are used to build structures and models. They are often used in children's play to develop fine motor skills and creativity.
Lego blocks: These are a specific type of building block that are made by the company Lego. They are designed to fit together in a specific way and can be used to build a wide range of structures and models.
Concrete blocks: These are made of concrete and are used in construction to build walls, foundations, and other structures.
Cinder blocks: These are made of cinder (a byproduct of coal combustion) and are used as a building material for walls, foundations, and other structures.
Brick blocks: These are made of clay and are used as a building material for walls, foundations, and other structures.
Jenga blocks: These are wooden blocks that are designed to be stacked in a tower. Players take turns removing blocks from the tower and placing them on tOP, trying not to make the tower fall.
Tinkertoy blocks: These are construction toys that consist of rods and spools that can be used to build various structures and machines.
K'NEX blocks: These are flexible building rods and connectors that can be used to build a wide range of structures and models.
Magna-Tiles blocks: These are magnetic building blocks that can be used to create 3D structures and models.
Lincoln Logs blocks: These are wooden blocks that are designed to build log cabins and other structures.
American girl dollhouse blocks: These are blocks designed to build dollhouses and other structures for American Girl dolls.
Mega Bloks: These are large building blocks that are designed for younger children and are often used to build structures such as castles, houses, and vehicles.
Duplo blocks: These are large building blocks that are designed for younger children and are often used to build structures such as houses, vehicles, and animals.
Kapla blocks: These are wooden blocks that are designed to build structures and models. They are often used in educational settings to develop creativity and problem-solving skills.
Bridge blocks: These are blocks designed to build bridges and other structures that can hold weight.
Braille blocks: These are blocks with raised Braille letters or numbers that can be used to teach Braille to visually impaired children.
Sensory blocks: These are blocks with different textures, colors, and shapes that can be used to stimulate the senses and develop sensory awareness.
Music blocks: These are blocks that have different musical instruments or sounds that can be used to create music.
Alphabet blocks: These are blocks with letters of the alphabet that can be used to teach children the alphabet and develop their language skills.
Number blocks: These are blocks with numbers that can be used to teach children numbers and basic math concepts.

Computing

In computing, a block refers to a unit of data or information that is processed or transmitted as a single entity. Blocks are often used in computer systems to organize and manage data, and they can be found in various contexts, such as data storage, memory management, networking, cryptography, computational algorithms, graphics, and databases.

In data storage, a block refers to a unit of data that is stored on a hard drive, solid-state drive, or other storage device. Blocks are typically made up of a fixed number of bytes, and they are used to store files, folders, and other data structures. Each block contains a unique identifier and is linked to the previous and next block in a chain, forming a linked list. When a file is created, the operating system breaks it up into blocks and assigns each block a unique number. The file allocation table (FAT) keeps track of the blocks used and their location on the disk.

In memory management, a block refers to a unit of memory that is allocated to a program or process. The operating system manages memory by dividing it into blocks, which are then allocated to programs as needed. When a program requests memory, the operating system checks if there are enough free blocks to satisfy the request. If there are insufficient blocks, the operating system must first free some memory blocks before allocating new ones.

In networking, a block refers to a unit of data that is transmitted over a network. Blocks are often used in network protocols to organize and manage data transmission. For example, in the Transmission Control protocol (TCP), data is divided into blocks called segments, which are then transmitted over the network. The receiving device reassembles the segments into the original data.

In cryptography, a block refers to a unit of data that is encrypted or decrypted at one time. Block ciphers, for example, encrypt data in fixed-size blocks, while stream ciphers encrypt data in a continuous stream. Block ciphers are faster and more efficient than stream ciphers but are less secure.

In computational algorithms, a block can refer to a unit of data that is processed by a single instruction or operation. For example, in a matrix multiplication algorithm, a block might refer to a submatrix that is processed by a single instruction. Block algorithms are used in scientific computing, data processing, and machine learning.

In computer graphics, a block can refer to a unit of graphics data that is rendered or processed as a single entity. For example, in a 3D graphics engine, a block might refer to a group of polygons that make up a 3D object. The graphics processing unit (GPU) processes blocks of data in parallel, making it much faster than the central processing unit (CPU).

In databases, a block can refer to a unit of data that is stored in a database table. Blocks are often used to organize and manage large amounts of data in a database. Each block contains a fixed number of bytes, and the size of the block depends on the database management system being used.

Blockchain

A block is a data structure that is part of a larger computer filing system called blockchain. The individual blocks contain a recording of all transactions that were done in a certain period of time. Depending upon the speed of the network, the blocks will garner transactions until the block time is up or there is no room for additional data. Here is where block size discussion take place.

Blocks become permanent records. They initially accumulate the transactions not yet validated by the block producers. Once validation takes place, the block is closed, not allowing more transactions.

Another step is taking where the blocks are linked together, via hash pointer, creating a "chain".

Information In A Block

Magic number: a value that acts to identify the block within the cryptocurrency network.
Block size: the limits on what the block can accept
Block header: block information
transaction counter: how many transactions were placed in that block
Transactions: the breakdown of what transactions were included

Consensus

There has to be consensus to add a block to the chain. This means that all block producers have to have the same information. It is a security feature which prevents unauthorized changes to the block data. When it comes to the money aspect of blockchain, this means that ledge is immutable.

blockchains use different consensus mechanisms to arrive at agreement. There are also ways to determine who is able to produce blocks and, if necessary, in what order.

The common types of blockchain consensus are:

Proof-of-Work (PoW) - Bitcoin and Litecoin
Proof-of-Stake (PoS) - Ethereum
Delegated-Proof-of-Stake - Hive

While each system differs in how it is achieved, each incentivizes node operators to maintain the network. There is a block reward offered to the producer that validates and adds the transaction to the chain. PoW blockchains use a process called mining.

The rest is that multiple, unrelated computers around the world are running the same software, maintaining a ledger of transactions that are placed into blocks. This is similar to what banks and other financial institutions run expect those companies are fully in charge of the ledger.

Decentralization

This occurs when the network has enough node operations who are operating on their own, unrelated to the others. Unlike a centralized system where a company owned the servers, block producers are responsible for their own equipment. Their incentive is to operate in a fashion that enables them to keep earning the block rewards.

The blocks are part of distributed ledger technology (DLT) as the information generated is written to the database by a number of different participants. This is spread over different companies, individuals, and geographic areas.

The distribution of the coins can impact the decentralization of the system. Under Proof-of-Stake and Delegated-Proof-of-Stake systems, the holdings in people's wallets can affect their influence on-chain. This applies to governance issues such as voting on block producers. Often the coin needs to be staked before it can be used for governance.

Decentralization is important to prevent a 51% attack. This is where an individual (or group) controls enough to be able to rewrite what is in any block. Here we have a situation where transactions can be reverse, changing account balances. This is akin to a bank freezing your account or simply charging a late fee. They control the ledger so changes can be made.

Blocks are designed to be immutable. For this to exist, the system needs to be able to withstand an attack to try and take over the writing to the blocks.

General:

Posted Using InLeo Alpha